Analysis Of Risk Factors Affecting Cholesterol: Cross-sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25311/keskom.Vol12.Iss1.2412Abstract
The increasing incidence of hypercholesterolemia among employees may affect cardiovascular health and workplace productivity. In Indonesia, the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018 reported that 35,9% of adults have elevated cholesterol levels. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors associated with total cholesterol levels among employees and to determine the most dominant influencing factor. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. Data were obtained from company medical check-up records and physical activity questionnaires using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The independent variables included age, blood pressure, smoking habits, obesity, exercise routine, and gender, while the dependent variable was total cholesterol level. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and binary logistic regression. The results showed that high blood pressure (PR = 16.5; p < 0.001), obesity (PR = 3.646; p = 0.035), and irregular exercise (PR = 5.633; p = 0.013) were significantly associated with elevated total cholesterol levels. Multivariate analysis indicated that high blood pressure was the most dominant risk factor influencing total cholesterol levels (PR 15.569; p < 0.001). Maintaining normal blood pressure, regular physical activity and weight management are essential strategies to workplace health improvement.
Downloads
References
1. World Health Organization. World Heart Report. 2023. Report.
2. PERKENI. Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dewasa di Indonesia. Edisi Pertama Jakarta: PB Perkeni. 2019.
3. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2019. p. E1082–143. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625 PubMed PMID: 30586774.
4. Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: A historical perspective. The Lancet. Elsevier B.V.; 2014. p. 999–1008. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61752-3 PubMed PMID: 24084292.
5. Fang YY, Huang CY, Hsu MC. Effectiveness of a physical activity program on weight, physical fitness, occupational stress, job satisfaction and quality of life of overweight employees in high-tech industries: a randomized controlled study. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2019 Oct 2;25(4):621–9. doi:10.1080/10803548.2018.1438839
6. Piché ME, Tchernof A, Després JP. Obesity phenotypes, metabolically healthy obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk. Annu Rev Nutr. 2022;42(1):21-44.
7. Pinheiro Tatiane Draguer Dal Ponte, Silva Brenda, Zanella Janice de Fátima Pavan, Salazar Rodrigo Fernando dos Santos, Bonfanti-Azzolin Gabriela. Cardiovascular disease risk among male workers of a regional electricity distribution company in Brazil. WORK. 2022 Oct 5;74(1):219–26. doi:10.3233/WOR-205238
8. PERKI. Panduan tata laksana dislipidemia. PB PERKI. 2017.
9. Zeng J, Lo CH. Editorial: Lipid metabolism dysregulation in obesity-related diseases and neurodegeneration. Vol. 16, Frontiers in Endocrinology. Frontiers Media SA; 2025.
10. Jiang H, Zhou Y, Nabavi SM, Sahebkar A, Little PJ, Xu S, et al. Mechanisms of Oxidized LDL-Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction and Its Consequences for the Development of Atherosclerosis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2022. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.925923
11. Chen S, Cheng W. Relationship Between Lipid Profiles and Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study of 62,957 Chinese Adult Males. Front Public Health. 2022 May 18;10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.895499 PubMed PMID: 35664125.
12. Andini FAD, Siregar AYM. Work hours and the risk of hypertension: the case of Indonesia. BMC Public Health. 2024 Dec 1;24(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20003-z PubMed PMID: 39267069.
13. Fernández-Figares Vicioso MP, Riutord Sbert P, Ramírez-Manent JI, López-González ÁA, del Barrio Fernández JL, Vicente Herrero MT. Association Between Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors and Type 2 Diabetes Risk Scores in a Large Working Population: A Comparative Study Between the Commerce and Industry Sectors. Nutrients . 2025 Aug 1;17(15). doi:10.3390/nu17152420 PubMed PMID: 40806003.
14. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation. American Society for Clinical Investigation; 2017. p. 1–4. doi:10.1172/JCI92035 PubMed PMID: 28045402.
15. Piché ME, Tchernof A, Després JP. Obesity phenotypes, metabolically healthy obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk. Annu Rev Nutr. 2022;42(1):21–44.
16. Katsi V, Argyriou N, Fragoulis C, Tsioufis K. The Role of Non-HDL Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Vol. 12, Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI); 2025.
17. Nugraheni WP, Mubasyiroh R, Rachmawati T. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular disease financing in Indonesia (JKN claims data analysis 2019–2020) [Internet]. Jakarta; 2023 Mar. Available from: https://icd.who.int/browse10/
18. Harmawan W, Susilowati H. Dyslipidemia Factors on Male Workers at Power Plant in Jepara. Health Notions [Internet]. 2022;6(2). Available from: http://heanoti.com/index.php/hnhttp://heanoti.com/index.php/hn/article/view/hn61204
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal kesehatan komunitas (Journal of community health)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
